Fixed Income
Assessing Asia’s macroeconomic sustainability
Measuring up Asian fundamentals
How do macroeconomic fundamentals in Asia measure up relative to other emerging markets in the current context of tighter US monetary policy? Asia ex-Japan stands out compared to other emerging markets (EM) in terms of economic resilience, boasting higher growth prospects and more contained inflation, for instance. Other metrics such as public sector finances and external vulnerabilities also feature notable improvements in the region
In this white paper, we use long-term data from the past decade to analyse trends for different EM investment-grade sovereigns in three key areas: economic resilience, public sector finances and external vulnerability. The impact of tighter US monetary policy will differ across various EM countries due to their varying degrees of resilience in these three key areas. We believe this makes Asia stand out relative to the rest of emerging-market fixed income, as shown in Table 1.
Table 1: Summary regional macroeconomic assessment
Region |
Summary 5-10 |
Growth outlook |
Public finances outlook |
External financing vulnerabilities |
---|---|---|---|---|
DM Asia (Australia, Japan, Singapore) |
Balance of risk: Positive Strong policy credibility and stable institutions support long-term investability |
♦ Low potential growth but broadly diversified and resilient economies |
♦ Broadly, sustainable fiscal and debt metrics. Japan’s large debt burden is sustained by large local + central bank ownership |
♦ G10 and highly traded currency status acts as a shock absorber and cushions external financing issues |
North Asia (China, Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan) |
Balance of risk: Neutral Structural growth headwinds are balanced by very high levels of external resilience |
♦ Structural growth headwinds likely (especially in China) amid poor policy visibility and global growth slowdown |
♦ Moderate debt burdens and strong fiscal accountability at the central government levels, which provides room to act |
♦ Strong external resilience with very high FX reserves from years of current account surplus accumulation |
South and southeast Asia (India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines) |
Balance of risk: Positive Strongly improved policy credibility across both fiscal and monetary lens, which provides stability to benefit from high potential growth in the region |
♦ Region with the highest potential growth and strong domestic consumption stories that provide some resilience to global growth headwinds |
♦ Moderate debt burden with strongly improved fiscal credibility over the years. India is the only outlier with large debt burden but funded almost entirely through local ownership |
♦ Much improved FX reserves compared to the prior 2013 taper tantrum episode, which allows for a controlled FX weakening with limited spill over effects |
Middle East (Saudi Arabia, Qatar) |
Balance of risk: Positive Structural increase in oil prices and a focus on fiscal prudence makes the region very robust to global shocks |
♦ Moderate growth prospects, still very reliant on oil and natural gas prices. |
♦ Strong fiscal surpluses from high oil prices, which allows ample room for manoeuvre to pursue diversification efforts |
♦ Strong current account surplus and positive NIIP anchors strength |
CEE (Poland, Hungary) |
Balance of risk: Negative Increased geopolitical tension and structural pressure on growth in Europe erode the long-term attractiveness |
♦ Structural pressure on growth from stagflation in Europe. Energy availability to remain a key issue, which is likely to hamper growth prospects |
♦ Fiscal discipline largely intact so far, although the region is likely to come under pressure as increased populism and polarization increase risks |
♦ Mediocre external buffers with negative net investment positions, with no significant improvements in FX reserves over the past decade |
LatAm (Mexico, Colombia, Peru, Chile) |
Balance of risk: Negative LatAm is fraught with political pressures towards left-leaning/populist measures, leaving the region vulnerable to sharp structural deterioration |
♦ Structural pressure on growth from poor investment policies (especially Mexico). Structural inflation also a headwind (e.g. in Colombia) |
♦ Fiscal balances likely to be under pressure from rising social demands (Chile), high expenditure rigidity (Colombia) and support to SOEs (Mexico) |
♦ Medium external vulnerability with reasonable but unimproved FX reserves |
Erstwhile IG EM (Brazil, South Africa, Turkey, Oman) |
Balance of risk: Neutral Varying degrees of sustainability in growth/fiscal and external metrics led to the downgrade into high yield between 2015-2020 |
♦ Anaemic growth prospects are and were a key driver of downgrades for Brazil and South Africa |
♦ Weak fiscal structure for Brazil, Oman and South Africa (combined with low projected growth) led to worries around debt sustainability |
♦ External vulnerability was exacerbated (alongside poor institutions) for Turkey and Oman that precipitated the downgrade |
Source: LOIM. For illustrative purposes only.
Structuring allocations
How should investors structure their exposure to Asian fixed income? We advise tilting allocations towards a quality focus on investment grade (IG), creating long-term exposure to countries that are on sounder macroeconomic footing, thereby reducing exposure to en-masse ratings downgrades.
We recommend a core USD allocation to Asia and the Middle East through a bespoke benchmark of the JACI Diversified IG and EMBI Global Middle East IG, structured to maximise diversification and macroeconomic stability. For a satellite, off-benchmark allocation, we favour the GBI-EM IG Asia focused on EM sovereigns in local currency to lock in alpha opportunities from the rate cycle peaking in these countries.
For investors who believe the end of the down cycle in fixed income is near, we believe Asian IG debt is a robust way to obtain exposure to strong, stable returns from a multi-year perspective.
Read our full white paper on structuring Asian fixed income allocations using the link above.
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